华师《综合英语（6）》在线作业
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阅读理解
一、阅读理解（共 10 道试题，共 100 分。）
V
1. In the days immediately following hurricane Andrews deadly visit to South Florida, Allstate Insurance hastily dispatched more than 2,000 extra claim adjusters to the devastated area to assist the 200 stationed there. Many of the reserves arrived in convoys of motor homes. Others flew in state rushed to set up its own communications system. Allstate expects to pay out 1.2 billion to cover more than 121,000 damage claims as a result of Andrew. All told, U.S. property and casualty insurers have been hit with more than 8 billion in Andrew related claims, making the hurricane the most costly single calamity to strike the industry since the San Francisco earthquake and fire in 1906(cost:6 billion, after inflation). With claims continuing to pour in, Andrew threatens to take a painful toll on the already battered property casualty insurance industry and its 100 million policy holders. The final bill, analysts predict, is likely to top 10 billion, While most well capitalized insurers are expected to weather the storm, less anchored firms are in danger of being blown away, leaving U.S. consumers stuck with the tab. Says Sean Mooney digs itself out from the wreckage left by Andrew. Some [companies] will be buried by it." Hurricane Andrew is the latest in a string of mishaps to plague the American insurance industry this year. In April an overflowing Chicago River flooded the citys downtown district, costing insurers 300 million in claims. A month later, Los Angeles was rocked by the worst civilian riot in the U.S. since the Civil War. The insurance toll: 1 billion. Then came a series of major hailstorms in Texas, Florida and Kansas. They cost insurers a combined 700 million. And two weeks after Andrew, another lethal hurricane, Iniki, smashed into Hawaii, causing 1.4 billion in damages. In all, property and casualty insurers have paid out a record 13 billion in claims so far this year, far surpassing the previous high of 7.6 billion in 1989, the year of Hurricane Hugo and Californias Bay Area earthquake. Just as in that year when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief.
1). According to the passage, "Allstate Insurance" most likely refers to _____.
A. one of the property and casualty insurers in the U.S.
B. the only insurance company responsible for the damage claims by Andrew
C. the insurance industry as a whole
D. the biggest insurance company in the U.S.
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2). As is stated in the second paragraph, the result of Hurricane Andrew is likely to _______.
A. lead to inflation throughout the U.S.
B. make the largest insurers suffer the most
C. put the industry in South Florida out of action
D. cause insurers with insufficient funds to go bankrupt
此题选: D 满分：2 分
3). Using context clues, we may infer that "stuck with the tab" most probably means ______.
A. "caught in the hurricane"
B. "exposed to natural disasters"
C. "trapped in financial difficulties"
D. "extremely vulnerable to further damages"
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4). The end of the passage implies that, to compensate for their huge loss, the insurers will ______.
A. resort to a very big increase in insurance premiums
B. ask for subsidies（补贴）from the federal government
C. reduce their insurance coverage there after
D. require a higher interest rate from the bank
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5). The main purpose of the passage is to ______.
A. show the severe damages and heavy losses caused by Hurricane Andrew
B. suggest that U.S. insurers are virtually unable to cover the damage claims any more
C. tell about the difficult situation faced by the insurers throughout the U.S.
D.
prove that disasters tend to cause ever worsening devastation as time goes on
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2.
For an increasing number of students at American universities, Old is suddenly in. The reason is obvious: the graying of America means jobs. Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom (生育高峰) generation, a longer life span means that the nations elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years. By 2050, 25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65, up from 14 percent in 1995. The change poses profound questions for government and society, of course. But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and business as well. "In addition to the doctors, were going to need more sociologists, biologists, urban planners and specialized lawyers," says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern Californias (USC) School of Gerontology (老年学).
Lawyers can specialize in "elder law," which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing-home abuse and age discrimination (歧视). Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers, 74 million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history. "Any student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with, say, an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money," one professor says.
Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC. She began college as biology major but found she was "really bored with bacteria. "So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she liked it. She says, "I did volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying."
1). "… Old is suddenly in" most probably means"______".
A. America has suddenly become a nation of old people
B. gerontology has suddenly become popular
C. more elderly professors are found on American campuses
D.
American colleges have realized the need of enrolling older students
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2). With the aging of America, lawyers can benefit ______.
A. from the adoption of the "elder law"
B. from rendering special services to the elderly
C. by enriching their professional knowledge
D.
by winning the trust of the elderly to promote their own interests
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3). Why can businessmen make money in the emerging elder market?
A. Retirees are more generous in spending money.
B. They can employ more gerontologists.
C. The elderly possess an enormous purchasing power.
D.
There are more elderly people working than before.
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4). Who can make big money in the new century according to the passage?
A. Retirees who are business-minded.
B. The volunteer workers in retirement homes.
C. College graduates with an MBA or law degree.
D. Professionals with a good knowledge of gerontology.
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5). 15. It can be seen from the passage that the expansion of Americas elderly population ________.
A.
will provide good job opportunities in many areas
B.
will impose an unbearable burden on society
C.
may lead to nursing home abuse and age discrimination
D.
will create new fields of study in universities
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3.
Foxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals. They are officially classified as harmful and farmers try to keep their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them.
Farmers can also call on the services of their local hunt to control the fox population. Hunting consists of pursuing a fox across the countryside, with a group of specially trained dogs, followed by men and women riding horses. When the dogs eventually catch the fox they kill it or a hunter shoots it.
People who take part in hunting think of it as a sport; they wear a special uniform of red coats and white trousers, and follow strict codes of behavior. But owning a horse and hunting regularly is expensive, so most hunters are wealthy.
It is estimated that up to 100,000 people watch or take part in fox hunting. But over the last couple of decades the number of people opposed to fox hunting, because they think it is brutal, has risen sharply. Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without some kind of confrontation (冲突) between hunters and hunt saboteurs (阻拦者). Sometimes these incidents lead to violence, but mostly saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the foxs smell, which the dogs follow.
Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself. But this year supporters of fox hunting face a much bigger threat to their sport. A Labour Party Member of the Parliament, Mike Foster, is trying to get Parliament to approve a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals with dogs illegal. If the law is passed, wild animals like foxes will be protected under the ban in Britain.
1). Rich people in Britain have been hunting foxes
A.
for recreation
B.
in the interests of the farmers
C.
to limit the fox population
D.
to show of ftheir wealth
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2). What is special about fox hunting in Britain?
A. It involves the use of a deadly poison.
B. It is a costly event which rarely occurs.
C. The hunters have set rules to follow.
D.
The hunters have to go through strict training.
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3). Fox hunting opponents often interfere in the game________.
A. by resorting to violence
B.
by confusing the fox hunters
C.
by taking legal action
D. by demonstrating on the scene
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4). A new law may be passed by the British Parliament to________.
A. prohibit farmers from hunting foxes
B. forbid hunting foxes with dogs
C. stop hunting wild animals in the countryside
D. prevent large-scale fox hunting
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5). It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. killing foxes with poison is illegal
B. limiting the fox population is unnecessary
C. hunting foxes with dogs is considered cruel and violent
D.
fox-hunting often leads to confrontation between the poor and the rich
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4. Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes. Emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people. "The burnt child fears the fire" is one instance; another is the rise of despots like Hitler. Both these examples also point up the fact that attitudes stem from experience. In the one case the experience was direct and impressive; in the other it was indirect and cumulative. The Nazis were indoctrinated largely by the speeches they heard and the books they read. The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a strategic position to influence attitudes. This is true partly because children acquire attitudes from those adults whose word they respect. Another reason, it is true, is that pupils often delve somewhat deeply into a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly ever occurred to them before. To a child who had previously acquired little knowledge of Mexico, his teachers method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans. The media through which the teacher can develop wholesome attitudes are innumerable. Social studies, science matters of health and safety, the very atmosphere of the classroom ... these are a few of the fertile fields for the inculcation (反复灌输) of proper emotional reactions. However, when children come to school with undesirable attitudes, it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feelings by scolding them. She achieve the proper effect by helping them obtain constructive experiences. Finally, a teacher must constantly evaluate her own attitudes, because her influence can be deleterious (有害的) if she has personal prejudices. This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions on which children should be encouraged to reach their own decisions as a result of objective analysis of all the facts.
1). The central idea conveyed in the passage is that _____.
A. attitudes affect our actions
B. teachers play a significant role in developing or changing pupils attitudes
C. attitudes can be changed by some classroom experiences
D. the elementary school is a more effective milieu (环境) for developing wholesome attitudes than high school or college.
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2). The author implies that ____.
A. the teacher should guide all discussions by revealing her own attitude
B. childrens attitudes often come from those of other children
C. in some aspects of social studies a greater variety of methods can be used in the upper grades than in the lower grades
D. schools should offer the student opportunities for travel so that he can come into contact with people he would not otherwise meet
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3). A statement NOT made or implied in the passage is that _____.
A. attitudes can be based on the learning of falsehoods
B. attitudes can not easily be changed by rewards and lectures
C. worthwhile attitudes may be developed in practically every subject area
D. the attitudes of elementary schoolaged children are influenced primarily by the way they are treated as infants
此题选: D 满分：2 分
4). The first and fourth paragraphs have all the following points in common EXCEPT _____.
A. the importance of experience in building attitudes
B. how attitudes can be changed in the classroom
C. how reading affects attitudes
D. reference to straight thinking and attitudes
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5). In the second paragraph, a substitute quotation to serve the writers purpose would be _____.
A. "Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime"
B. "The vagabond, when rich, is called a tourist"
C. "He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune"
D. "Nothing on earth consumes a man more quickly than the passion of resentment"
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5.
Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to ones side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell. Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arms length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable. Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world. Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (多语言的)guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them. When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives ― usually the richer ― who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nations diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods. But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.
1). It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably .
A.
stand still
B.
jump aside
C.
step forward
D.
draw back
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their _________.
A. cultural self-centeredness
B. casual manners
C. indifference towards foreign visitors
D. arrogance towards other cultures
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3). In countries other than their own most Americans __________ .
A. are isolated by the local people
B. are not well informed due to the language barrier
C. tend to get along well with the natives
D.
need interpreters in hotels and restaurants
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4). 4. According to the author, Americans cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will ________ .
A. affect their image in the new era
B. cut themselves off from the outside world
C. limit their role in world affairs
D. weaken the position of the US dollar
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5). 5. The authors intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that ________ .
A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends
B. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs
C. it is necessary to use several languages in public places
D.
it is time to get acquainted with other cultures
此题选: D 满分：2 分
6. It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you dont, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits. The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted. But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that cant be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we cant think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.
1). According to the author, really good science _______.
A. would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment
B. will produce results which cannot be foreseen
C. will help people to make the right choice in advance
D. will bring about disturbing results
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2). It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century _______.
A. thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of science
B. were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific research
C. knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about nature
D. did more harm than good in promoting mans understanding of nature
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3). Which of the following statements is NOT true of scientists in earlier times?
A. They invented false theories to explain things they didnt understand.
B. They falsely claimed to know all about nature.
C. They did not believe in results from scientific observation.
D. They paid little attention to the problems they didnt understand.
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4). What is the authors attitude towards science?
A. He is depressed because of the ignorance of scientists.
B. He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
C. He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
D. He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings.
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5). The author believes that ______.
A. man can find solutions to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up
B. man cannot solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellect
C. sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer them
D.
questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific research
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7. We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally, takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shifty workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.
1). Why is the question of "how easily people can get used to working at night" not a mere academic question?
A. Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.
B. Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.
C. Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.
D. Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in _____.
A. the inconveniences brought about to the workers by the introduction of automation
B. the disturbance of the daily life cycle of workers who have to change shift too frequently
C. the fact that people working at night are often less effective
D. the fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night workers
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3). The best solution for implementing the 24-hour working system seems to be _____.
A. to change shifts at longer intervals
B. to have longer shift
C. to arrange for some people to work on night shifts only
D. to create better living conditions for night workers
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4). It is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring his body temperature because _____.
A. body temperature changes when the cycle of sleep and wakefulness alternates
B. body temperature changes when he changes to night shift or back
C. the temperature reverses when the routine is changed
D. people have higher temperatures when they are working efficiently
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5). Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. Body temperature may serve as an indication of a workers performance.
B. The selection of a number of permanent night shift workers has probed to be the best solution to problems of the round-the-clock working system.
C. Taking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to the changes of routine.
D.
Disturbed sleep occurs less frequently among those on permanent night or day shifts.
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8.
The decline in moral standards, which has long concerned social analysts, has at last captured the attention of average Americans. And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad.
The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics (伦理学) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.
But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. "The thought that Im in it for me has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness," Ms. Elshtain says.
Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With todays greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.
In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U.S. And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.
The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament (挽歌) for some nonexistent "golden age," Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful ( 一厢情愿的 ) longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice.
Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. "Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that cant be bought."
1). Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans________.
A.
have adapted to a new set of moral standards
B. are longing for the return of the good old days
C.
have realized the importance of material things
D.
are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). The moral decline of American society is caused mainly by
A. its growing wealth
B. the self-centeredness of individuals
C. underestimating the impact of social changes
D.
the prejudice against women and minorities
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3). Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities?
A. Great mobility.
B.
Concern for ones neighbors.
C.
Emphasis on individual effort.
D. Ever-weakening social bonds.
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4). In the 1950s, classroom violence
A. was something unheard of
B.
was by no means a rare occurrence
C.
attracted a lot of public attention
D.
began to appear in analysts data
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5). According to Elshtain, the current moral decline may be reversed
A. if people can return to the "golden age"
B. when women and men enjoy equal rights
C. when people rid themselves of prejudice
D.
if less emphasis is laid on material things
此题选: D 满分：2 分
9. Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary. Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishery, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary, is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood, than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their older strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions, and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a close guild（行会）.The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, the divine, associated freely with his fellow-creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called "popular science" makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it -- as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.
1). Special words used in technical discussion_____.
A. never last long
B. are considered artificial language speech
C. should be confined to scientific fields
D. may become part of common speech
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). It is true that____.
A. an educated person would be expected to know most technical terms
B. everyone is interested in scientific findings
C. the average man often uses in his own vocabulary what was once technical language not meant for him
D. various professions and occupations often interchange their dialects and jargons
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3). In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of technical terms in the terminology of
A. farming
B. sports
C. government
D. fishery
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4). The writer of the article was, not doubt______.
A. a linguist
B. an essayist
C. a scientist
D. an attorney
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5). The authors main purpose in the passage is to_____.
A. describe a phenomenon
B. be entertaining
C. argue a belief
D.
propose a solution
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10.
Sex and connections: these are not the criteria on which science should be judged, least of all by scientists. But in the first extensive analysis of the way that fellowships in science are awarded, which is published this week in Nature , Christine Wenneras and Agnes Wold, microbiologists at Gothenburg University, in Sweden, found that these factors matter as much as, if not more than, scientific merit.
Peer review, the evaluation (often anonymous) of a piece of scientific work by other scientists in the same field, is central to the way in which science proceeds. Journals use it to help decide whether to publish papers and funding agencies use it when deciding to whom to award grants.
Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold analyzed the reviews of the 114 applications that the Swedish Medical Research Council received for the 20 postdoctoral fellowships it offered in 1995. Of the applicants, 46% were women. Of the successful recipients of the awards, only 20% were women. In principle, of course, that might reflect their abilities. In practice, other factors seem to be at work.
When the council gets a grant application, it is evaluated by five reviewers, on three measures: scientific competence, the proposed methodology and the relevance of the research. Each measure is given a score of between zero and four; each reviewer’s scores are multiplied together, giving a single score between zero and 64; and finally, the scores from the reviewers are averaged together, giving the total score.
Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold identified, after careful analysis, two factors that improved the scores significantly: being male and knowing a reviewer. In fact, the difference was so great that in order to get the same competence score as a man, a woman need either to know someone in the committee or to have published three more papers than the man in Nature or Science . It is often joked that a woman has to be twice as good as a man to do well; Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold found that she need to be, on average, 2.5 times as good on their measures to be rated as highly by reviewers. Such being the case, ambitious women would perhaps do well to return to a time-honored but supposedly obsolete tradition, and apply under a male name.
1). What is this passage mainly about?
A.
Abuses in peer review.
B.
Favoritism in granting fellowships.
C.
A comparison of male and female scientists.
D.
Sex discrimination in the science world.
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). What is the other most important factor beside sex that may affect peer review scores?
A.
Connection.
B.
Publication of papers in major science journals.
C.
Competence of the researcher.
D.
Methods used by the researcher.
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3). What does the word “relevance” in the fourth paragraph probably mean?
A.
Feasibility.
B.
Connections.
C.
Practical value or importance.
D.
Probability of success.
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4). What does the author suggest by using “supposedly” in the last sentence?
A.
It is no longer fashionable for women to write under male names.
B.
Bias against women still exists today.
C.
Women today are on an equal footing with men.
D.
Nowadays women do as well in science as men.
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5). This piece of writing is most likely ____.
A.
a news report
B.
a research paper
C.
a lecture
D.
an argument
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试卷总分：100 奥鹏学习网（aopeng123.cn) 发布
阅读理解
一、阅读理解（共 10 道试题，共 100 分。）
V
1. In the days immediately following hurricane Andrews deadly visit to South Florida, Allstate Insurance hastily dispatched more than 2,000 extra claim adjusters to the devastated area to assist the 200 stationed there. Many of the reserves arrived in convoys of motor homes. Others flew in state rushed to set up its own communications system. Allstate expects to pay out 1.2 billion to cover more than 121,000 damage claims as a result of Andrew. All told, U.S. property and casualty insurers have been hit with more than 8 billion in Andrew related claims, making the hurricane the most costly single calamity to strike the industry since the San Francisco earthquake and fire in 1906(cost:6 billion, after inflation). With claims continuing to pour in, Andrew threatens to take a painful toll on the already battered property casualty insurance industry and its 100 million policy holders. The final bill, analysts predict, is likely to top 10 billion, While most well capitalized insurers are expected to weather the storm, less anchored firms are in danger of being blown away, leaving U.S. consumers stuck with the tab. Says Sean Mooney digs itself out from the wreckage left by Andrew. Some [companies] will be buried by it." Hurricane Andrew is the latest in a string of mishaps to plague the American insurance industry this year. In April an overflowing Chicago River flooded the citys downtown district, costing insurers 300 million in claims. A month later, Los Angeles was rocked by the worst civilian riot in the U.S. since the Civil War. The insurance toll: 1 billion. Then came a series of major hailstorms in Texas, Florida and Kansas. They cost insurers a combined 700 million. And two weeks after Andrew, another lethal hurricane, Iniki, smashed into Hawaii, causing 1.4 billion in damages. In all, property and casualty insurers have paid out a record 13 billion in claims so far this year, far surpassing the previous high of 7.6 billion in 1989, the year of Hurricane Hugo and Californias Bay Area earthquake. Just as in that year when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief.
1). According to the passage, "Allstate Insurance" most likely refers to _____.
A. one of the property and casualty insurers in the U.S.
B. the only insurance company responsible for the damage claims by Andrew
C. the insurance industry as a whole
D. the biggest insurance company in the U.S.
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2). As is stated in the second paragraph, the result of Hurricane Andrew is likely to _______.
A. lead to inflation throughout the U.S.
B. make the largest insurers suffer the most
C. put the industry in South Florida out of action
D. cause insurers with insufficient funds to go bankrupt
此题选: D 满分：2 分
3). Using context clues, we may infer that "stuck with the tab" most probably means ______.
A. "caught in the hurricane"
B. "exposed to natural disasters"
C. "trapped in financial difficulties"
D. "extremely vulnerable to further damages"
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4). The end of the passage implies that, to compensate for their huge loss, the insurers will ______.
A. resort to a very big increase in insurance premiums
B. ask for subsidies（补贴）from the federal government
C. reduce their insurance coverage there after
D. require a higher interest rate from the bank
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5). The main purpose of the passage is to ______.
A. show the severe damages and heavy losses caused by Hurricane Andrew
B. suggest that U.S. insurers are virtually unable to cover the damage claims any more
C. tell about the difficult situation faced by the insurers throughout the U.S.
D.
prove that disasters tend to cause ever worsening devastation as time goes on
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2.
For an increasing number of students at American universities, Old is suddenly in. The reason is obvious: the graying of America means jobs. Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom (生育高峰) generation, a longer life span means that the nations elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years. By 2050, 25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65, up from 14 percent in 1995. The change poses profound questions for government and society, of course. But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and business as well. "In addition to the doctors, were going to need more sociologists, biologists, urban planners and specialized lawyers," says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern Californias (USC) School of Gerontology (老年学).
Lawyers can specialize in "elder law," which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing-home abuse and age discrimination (歧视). Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers, 74 million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history. "Any student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with, say, an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money," one professor says.
Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC. She began college as biology major but found she was "really bored with bacteria. "So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she liked it. She says, "I did volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying."
1). "… Old is suddenly in" most probably means"______".
A. America has suddenly become a nation of old people
B. gerontology has suddenly become popular
C. more elderly professors are found on American campuses
D.
American colleges have realized the need of enrolling older students
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2). With the aging of America, lawyers can benefit ______.
A. from the adoption of the "elder law"
B. from rendering special services to the elderly
C. by enriching their professional knowledge
D.
by winning the trust of the elderly to promote their own interests
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3). Why can businessmen make money in the emerging elder market?
A. Retirees are more generous in spending money.
B. They can employ more gerontologists.
C. The elderly possess an enormous purchasing power.
D.
There are more elderly people working than before.
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4). Who can make big money in the new century according to the passage?
A. Retirees who are business-minded.
B. The volunteer workers in retirement homes.
C. College graduates with an MBA or law degree.
D. Professionals with a good knowledge of gerontology.
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5). 15. It can be seen from the passage that the expansion of Americas elderly population ________.
A.
will provide good job opportunities in many areas
B.
will impose an unbearable burden on society
C.
may lead to nursing home abuse and age discrimination
D.
will create new fields of study in universities
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3.
Foxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals. They are officially classified as harmful and farmers try to keep their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them.
Farmers can also call on the services of their local hunt to control the fox population. Hunting consists of pursuing a fox across the countryside, with a group of specially trained dogs, followed by men and women riding horses. When the dogs eventually catch the fox they kill it or a hunter shoots it.
People who take part in hunting think of it as a sport; they wear a special uniform of red coats and white trousers, and follow strict codes of behavior. But owning a horse and hunting regularly is expensive, so most hunters are wealthy.
It is estimated that up to 100,000 people watch or take part in fox hunting. But over the last couple of decades the number of people opposed to fox hunting, because they think it is brutal, has risen sharply. Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without some kind of confrontation (冲突) between hunters and hunt saboteurs (阻拦者). Sometimes these incidents lead to violence, but mostly saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the foxs smell, which the dogs follow.
Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself. But this year supporters of fox hunting face a much bigger threat to their sport. A Labour Party Member of the Parliament, Mike Foster, is trying to get Parliament to approve a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals with dogs illegal. If the law is passed, wild animals like foxes will be protected under the ban in Britain.
1). Rich people in Britain have been hunting foxes
A.
for recreation
B.
in the interests of the farmers
C.
to limit the fox population
D.
to show of ftheir wealth
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2). What is special about fox hunting in Britain?
A. It involves the use of a deadly poison.
B. It is a costly event which rarely occurs.
C. The hunters have set rules to follow.
D.
The hunters have to go through strict training.
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3). Fox hunting opponents often interfere in the game________.
A. by resorting to violence
B.
by confusing the fox hunters
C.
by taking legal action
D. by demonstrating on the scene
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4). A new law may be passed by the British Parliament to________.
A. prohibit farmers from hunting foxes
B. forbid hunting foxes with dogs
C. stop hunting wild animals in the countryside
D. prevent large-scale fox hunting
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5). It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. killing foxes with poison is illegal
B. limiting the fox population is unnecessary
C. hunting foxes with dogs is considered cruel and violent
D.
fox-hunting often leads to confrontation between the poor and the rich
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4. Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes. Emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people. "The burnt child fears the fire" is one instance; another is the rise of despots like Hitler. Both these examples also point up the fact that attitudes stem from experience. In the one case the experience was direct and impressive; in the other it was indirect and cumulative. The Nazis were indoctrinated largely by the speeches they heard and the books they read. The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a strategic position to influence attitudes. This is true partly because children acquire attitudes from those adults whose word they respect. Another reason, it is true, is that pupils often delve somewhat deeply into a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly ever occurred to them before. To a child who had previously acquired little knowledge of Mexico, his teachers method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans. The media through which the teacher can develop wholesome attitudes are innumerable. Social studies, science matters of health and safety, the very atmosphere of the classroom ... these are a few of the fertile fields for the inculcation (反复灌输) of proper emotional reactions. However, when children come to school with undesirable attitudes, it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feelings by scolding them. She achieve the proper effect by helping them obtain constructive experiences. Finally, a teacher must constantly evaluate her own attitudes, because her influence can be deleterious (有害的) if she has personal prejudices. This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions on which children should be encouraged to reach their own decisions as a result of objective analysis of all the facts.
1). The central idea conveyed in the passage is that _____.
A. attitudes affect our actions
B. teachers play a significant role in developing or changing pupils attitudes
C. attitudes can be changed by some classroom experiences
D. the elementary school is a more effective milieu (环境) for developing wholesome attitudes than high school or college.
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2). The author implies that ____.
A. the teacher should guide all discussions by revealing her own attitude
B. childrens attitudes often come from those of other children
C. in some aspects of social studies a greater variety of methods can be used in the upper grades than in the lower grades
D. schools should offer the student opportunities for travel so that he can come into contact with people he would not otherwise meet
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3). A statement NOT made or implied in the passage is that _____.
A. attitudes can be based on the learning of falsehoods
B. attitudes can not easily be changed by rewards and lectures
C. worthwhile attitudes may be developed in practically every subject area
D. the attitudes of elementary schoolaged children are influenced primarily by the way they are treated as infants
此题选: D 满分：2 分
4). The first and fourth paragraphs have all the following points in common EXCEPT _____.
A. the importance of experience in building attitudes
B. how attitudes can be changed in the classroom
C. how reading affects attitudes
D. reference to straight thinking and attitudes
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5). In the second paragraph, a substitute quotation to serve the writers purpose would be _____.
A. "Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime"
B. "The vagabond, when rich, is called a tourist"
C. "He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune"
D. "Nothing on earth consumes a man more quickly than the passion of resentment"
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5.
Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to ones side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell. Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arms length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable. Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world. Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (多语言的)guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them. When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives ― usually the richer ― who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nations diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods. But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.
1). It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably .
A.
stand still
B.
jump aside
C.
step forward
D.
draw back
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their _________.
A. cultural self-centeredness
B. casual manners
C. indifference towards foreign visitors
D. arrogance towards other cultures
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3). In countries other than their own most Americans __________ .
A. are isolated by the local people
B. are not well informed due to the language barrier
C. tend to get along well with the natives
D.
need interpreters in hotels and restaurants
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4). 4. According to the author, Americans cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will ________ .
A. affect their image in the new era
B. cut themselves off from the outside world
C. limit their role in world affairs
D. weaken the position of the US dollar
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5). 5. The authors intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that ________ .
A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends
B. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs
C. it is necessary to use several languages in public places
D.
it is time to get acquainted with other cultures
此题选: D 满分：2 分
6. It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you dont, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits. The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted. But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that cant be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we cant think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.
1). According to the author, really good science _______.
A. would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment
B. will produce results which cannot be foreseen
C. will help people to make the right choice in advance
D. will bring about disturbing results
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2). It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century _______.
A. thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of science
B. were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific research
C. knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about nature
D. did more harm than good in promoting mans understanding of nature
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3). Which of the following statements is NOT true of scientists in earlier times?
A. They invented false theories to explain things they didnt understand.
B. They falsely claimed to know all about nature.
C. They did not believe in results from scientific observation.
D. They paid little attention to the problems they didnt understand.
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4). What is the authors attitude towards science?
A. He is depressed because of the ignorance of scientists.
B. He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
C. He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
D. He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings.
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5). The author believes that ______.
A. man can find solutions to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up
B. man cannot solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellect
C. sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer them
D.
questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific research
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7. We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally, takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shifty workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.
1). Why is the question of "how easily people can get used to working at night" not a mere academic question?
A. Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.
B. Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.
C. Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.
D. Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in _____.
A. the inconveniences brought about to the workers by the introduction of automation
B. the disturbance of the daily life cycle of workers who have to change shift too frequently
C. the fact that people working at night are often less effective
D. the fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night workers
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3). The best solution for implementing the 24-hour working system seems to be _____.
A. to change shifts at longer intervals
B. to have longer shift
C. to arrange for some people to work on night shifts only
D. to create better living conditions for night workers
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4). It is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring his body temperature because _____.
A. body temperature changes when the cycle of sleep and wakefulness alternates
B. body temperature changes when he changes to night shift or back
C. the temperature reverses when the routine is changed
D. people have higher temperatures when they are working efficiently
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5). Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. Body temperature may serve as an indication of a workers performance.
B. The selection of a number of permanent night shift workers has probed to be the best solution to problems of the round-the-clock working system.
C. Taking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to the changes of routine.
D.
Disturbed sleep occurs less frequently among those on permanent night or day shifts.
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8.
The decline in moral standards, which has long concerned social analysts, has at last captured the attention of average Americans. And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad.
The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics (伦理学) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.
But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. "The thought that Im in it for me has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness," Ms. Elshtain says.
Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With todays greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.
In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U.S. And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.
The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament (挽歌) for some nonexistent "golden age," Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful ( 一厢情愿的 ) longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice.
Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. "Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that cant be bought."
1). Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans________.
A.
have adapted to a new set of moral standards
B. are longing for the return of the good old days
C.
have realized the importance of material things
D.
are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). The moral decline of American society is caused mainly by
A. its growing wealth
B. the self-centeredness of individuals
C. underestimating the impact of social changes
D.
the prejudice against women and minorities
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3). Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities?
A. Great mobility.
B.
Concern for ones neighbors.
C.
Emphasis on individual effort.
D. Ever-weakening social bonds.
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4). In the 1950s, classroom violence
A. was something unheard of
B.
was by no means a rare occurrence
C.
attracted a lot of public attention
D.
began to appear in analysts data
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5). According to Elshtain, the current moral decline may be reversed
A. if people can return to the "golden age"
B. when women and men enjoy equal rights
C. when people rid themselves of prejudice
D.
if less emphasis is laid on material things
此题选: D 满分：2 分
9. Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary. Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishery, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary, is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood, than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their older strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions, and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a close guild（行会）.The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, the divine, associated freely with his fellow-creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called "popular science" makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it -- as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.
1). Special words used in technical discussion_____.
A. never last long
B. are considered artificial language speech
C. should be confined to scientific fields
D. may become part of common speech
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). It is true that____.
A. an educated person would be expected to know most technical terms
B. everyone is interested in scientific findings
C. the average man often uses in his own vocabulary what was once technical language not meant for him
D. various professions and occupations often interchange their dialects and jargons
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3). In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of technical terms in the terminology of
A. farming
B. sports
C. government
D. fishery
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4). The writer of the article was, not doubt______.
A. a linguist
B. an essayist
C. a scientist
D. an attorney
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5). The authors main purpose in the passage is to_____.
A. describe a phenomenon
B. be entertaining
C. argue a belief
D.
propose a solution
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10.
Sex and connections: these are not the criteria on which science should be judged, least of all by scientists. But in the first extensive analysis of the way that fellowships in science are awarded, which is published this week in Nature , Christine Wenneras and Agnes Wold, microbiologists at Gothenburg University, in Sweden, found that these factors matter as much as, if not more than, scientific merit.
Peer review, the evaluation (often anonymous) of a piece of scientific work by other scientists in the same field, is central to the way in which science proceeds. Journals use it to help decide whether to publish papers and funding agencies use it when deciding to whom to award grants.
Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold analyzed the reviews of the 114 applications that the Swedish Medical Research Council received for the 20 postdoctoral fellowships it offered in 1995. Of the applicants, 46% were women. Of the successful recipients of the awards, only 20% were women. In principle, of course, that might reflect their abilities. In practice, other factors seem to be at work.
When the council gets a grant application, it is evaluated by five reviewers, on three measures: scientific competence, the proposed methodology and the relevance of the research. Each measure is given a score of between zero and four; each reviewer’s scores are multiplied together, giving a single score between zero and 64; and finally, the scores from the reviewers are averaged together, giving the total score.
Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold identified, after careful analysis, two factors that improved the scores significantly: being male and knowing a reviewer. In fact, the difference was so great that in order to get the same competence score as a man, a woman need either to know someone in the committee or to have published three more papers than the man in Nature or Science . It is often joked that a woman has to be twice as good as a man to do well; Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold found that she need to be, on average, 2.5 times as good on their measures to be rated as highly by reviewers. Such being the case, ambitious women would perhaps do well to return to a time-honored but supposedly obsolete tradition, and apply under a male name.
1). What is this passage mainly about?
A.
Abuses in peer review.
B.
Favoritism in granting fellowships.
C.
A comparison of male and female scientists.
D.
Sex discrimination in the science world.
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). What is the other most important factor beside sex that may affect peer review scores?
A.
Connection.
B.
Publication of papers in major science journals.
C.
Competence of the researcher.
D.
Methods used by the researcher.
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3). What does the word “relevance” in the fourth paragraph probably mean?
A.
Feasibility.
B.
Connections.
C.
Practical value or importance.
D.
Probability of success.
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4). What does the author suggest by using “supposedly” in the last sentence?
A.
It is no longer fashionable for women to write under male names.
B.
Bias against women still exists today.
C.
Women today are on an equal footing with men.
D.
Nowadays women do as well in science as men.
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5). This piece of writing is most likely ____.
A.
a news report
B.
a research paper
C.
a lecture
D.
an argument
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