西南大学培训与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷
学期：2021年秋季
课程名称【编号】：语言学导论【0181】 A卷
:大作业 ：100分
________________________________________
Ⅰ. For each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (20%)
1. ________ speaking, no variety of language is better than or superior to others.
A. Generally B. Socially C. Politically D. Linguistically
2. Many Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce “mans” and “photoes” as the plural forms of “man” and “photo”. This is most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning.
A. negative transfer B. overgeneralization
C. positive transfer D. mother tongue interference
3. Language serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker’s feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer.
A. interpersonal B. informative C. emotive D. directive
4. In the sentence “Can I have a bite to drink?” the speaker may not have a problem with competence, but with________.
A. performance B. utterance C. syntax D. context
5. By ______, we mean that human beings can use language to talk about things remote either in space or in time.
A. creativity B. duality C. displacement D. interchangeability
6. The sentence “John doesn’t play video games any more” __________ the sentence “John used to play video games”.
A. entails B. asserts C. presupposes D. contradicts
7. Language serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about language itself.
A. recreational B. metalingual C. phatic D. performative
8. There are _____ morphemes in the word “unfriendliness”.
A. 4 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5
9. The Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________.
A. Grice B. Austin C. Chomsky D. Saussure
10. The semantic components of the word “boy” can be expressed as _____.
A. +human, +male, +adult B. +human, -male, +adult
C. +human, -male, -adult D. +human, +male, -adult Ⅱ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. (20%)
11. Speech act is the action performed through language, such as promising, requesting and declaring.
12. The stem refers to the smallest grammatical unit obtained through binary segmentation.
13. Registers are varieties of language that are related to use.
14. Minimal pairs are formed by two different words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string.
15. Bilingualism refers to the situation where at least two languages are used side by side by an individual or by a group of speakers, with each having a different role to play.
16. Ultimate constituents are any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.
17. Complementary distribution holds between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.
18. Semantic field is a set of words with an identifiable semantic connection.
19. The paradigmatic relation refers to the phenomenon that allophones occur in different phonetic environments.
20. Hyponymy is the name for meaning inclusiveness, referring to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific lexeme and a more general one. Ⅲ. Reading comprehension. Read the following passage and answer each of the questions based on it. Choose the correct answer write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)
One of the most solid achievements of linguistics in the twentieth century has been to eliminate the idea that some languages or dialects are inherently 'better' than others. Linguists are willing to recognize that some varieties of language are considered by the layman to be better than others, but they point out that each variety displays characteristics common to all human language, such as being rule-governed, and that even the least prestigious language varieties may reveal an impressively complex set of structural patterns. Linguists would claim that if they were simply shown the grammars of two different varieties, one with high and the other with low prestige, they could not tell which was which, any more than they could predict the skin color of those who speak the two varieties.
Moreover, most linguists would probably say the same about linguistic differences between individual speakers: if there are differences between the grammars of two people, there is no way of knowing which has the higher prestige in society simply by studying the grammars. Admittedly there are individuals who clearly have inherently imperfect grammars, such as children, foreigners and the mentally retarded, but these deviations are easy to explain and predict, and leave intact the claim that all normal people are equal with regard to their grammars. Of course, there is no shortage of differences between grammars, whether of individuals or whole communities, but there are no purely linguistic grounds for ranking any of the grammars higher than others. 21. From the passage it could be inferred that before the twentieth century.
A. each variety displayed similar characteristics
B. dialects were considered better than languages
C. all languages or dialects were considered as equal
D. some languages were regarded as inherently better than others 22. Most linguists would agree that ___.
A. there were differences between the grammars of individual speakers, but they could not tell which had the higher prestige in society merely by studying their grammars
B. there was no way of explaining and predicting the differences in the grammars between individual speakers
C. there were no differences between individual speakers, because they displayed different prestige in society
D. there were few linguists who claimed that all normal people were equal with regard to their grammars. 23. "there is no shortage of differences between grammars" means that ___.
A. there is no differences between grammars
B. the differences between grammars are of no importance
C. the differences between grammars last for a short time
D. there exist great differences between grammars 24. This passage is most probably taken from a book on ____.
A. traditional grammar B. language and mind
C. sociolinguistics D. language and communication 25. Following the author’s line of reasoning, the statement that “Beijing dialect was chosen to be the basis for Standard Chinese (Putonghua) because it sounded more graceful than other Chinese dialects” is _______.
A. Acceptable. B. Unacceptable. C. Mysterious. D. Humorous
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions, each in 120 to 200 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (40%)
26. Chinese English learners make various errors in speaking or writing in English. How should their errors be treated by their teachers? (20%)
27. What have you learned from the course of linguistics? (20%)
(Clue: You can say whatever, linguistic or non-linguistic, you have learned from the course. But make sure your answer is clear and logical. You may answer the question in Chinese, but this may result in a loss of marks.)
课程名称【编号】：语言学导论【0181】 A卷
:大作业 ：100分
________________________________________
Ⅰ. For each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (20%)
1. ________ speaking, no variety of language is better than or superior to others.
A. Generally B. Socially C. Politically D. Linguistically
2. Many Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce “mans” and “photoes” as the plural forms of “man” and “photo”. This is most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning.
A. negative transfer B. overgeneralization
C. positive transfer D. mother tongue interference
3. Language serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker’s feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer.
A. interpersonal B. informative C. emotive D. directive
4. In the sentence “Can I have a bite to drink?” the speaker may not have a problem with competence, but with________.
A. performance B. utterance C. syntax D. context
5. By ______, we mean that human beings can use language to talk about things remote either in space or in time.
A. creativity B. duality C. displacement D. interchangeability
6. The sentence “John doesn’t play video games any more” __________ the sentence “John used to play video games”.
A. entails B. asserts C. presupposes D. contradicts
7. Language serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about language itself.
A. recreational B. metalingual C. phatic D. performative
8. There are _____ morphemes in the word “unfriendliness”.
A. 4 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5
9. The Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________.
A. Grice B. Austin C. Chomsky D. Saussure
10. The semantic components of the word “boy” can be expressed as _____.
A. +human, +male, +adult B. +human, -male, +adult
C. +human, -male, -adult D. +human, +male, -adult Ⅱ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. (20%)
11. Speech act is the action performed through language, such as promising, requesting and declaring.
12. The stem refers to the smallest grammatical unit obtained through binary segmentation.
13. Registers are varieties of language that are related to use.
14. Minimal pairs are formed by two different words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string.
15. Bilingualism refers to the situation where at least two languages are used side by side by an individual or by a group of speakers, with each having a different role to play.
16. Ultimate constituents are any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.
17. Complementary distribution holds between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.
18. Semantic field is a set of words with an identifiable semantic connection.
19. The paradigmatic relation refers to the phenomenon that allophones occur in different phonetic environments.
20. Hyponymy is the name for meaning inclusiveness, referring to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific lexeme and a more general one. Ⅲ. Reading comprehension. Read the following passage and answer each of the questions based on it. Choose the correct answer write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)
One of the most solid achievements of linguistics in the twentieth century has been to eliminate the idea that some languages or dialects are inherently 'better' than others. Linguists are willing to recognize that some varieties of language are considered by the layman to be better than others, but they point out that each variety displays characteristics common to all human language, such as being rule-governed, and that even the least prestigious language varieties may reveal an impressively complex set of structural patterns. Linguists would claim that if they were simply shown the grammars of two different varieties, one with high and the other with low prestige, they could not tell which was which, any more than they could predict the skin color of those who speak the two varieties.
Moreover, most linguists would probably say the same about linguistic differences between individual speakers: if there are differences between the grammars of two people, there is no way of knowing which has the higher prestige in society simply by studying the grammars. Admittedly there are individuals who clearly have inherently imperfect grammars, such as children, foreigners and the mentally retarded, but these deviations are easy to explain and predict, and leave intact the claim that all normal people are equal with regard to their grammars. Of course, there is no shortage of differences between grammars, whether of individuals or whole communities, but there are no purely linguistic grounds for ranking any of the grammars higher than others. 21. From the passage it could be inferred that before the twentieth century.
A. each variety displayed similar characteristics
B. dialects were considered better than languages
C. all languages or dialects were considered as equal
D. some languages were regarded as inherently better than others 22. Most linguists would agree that ___.
A. there were differences between the grammars of individual speakers, but they could not tell which had the higher prestige in society merely by studying their grammars
B. there was no way of explaining and predicting the differences in the grammars between individual speakers
C. there were no differences between individual speakers, because they displayed different prestige in society
D. there were few linguists who claimed that all normal people were equal with regard to their grammars. 23. "there is no shortage of differences between grammars" means that ___.
A. there is no differences between grammars
B. the differences between grammars are of no importance
C. the differences between grammars last for a short time
D. there exist great differences between grammars 24. This passage is most probably taken from a book on ____.
A. traditional grammar B. language and mind
C. sociolinguistics D. language and communication 25. Following the author’s line of reasoning, the statement that “Beijing dialect was chosen to be the basis for Standard Chinese (Putonghua) because it sounded more graceful than other Chinese dialects” is _______.
A. Acceptable. B. Unacceptable. C. Mysterious. D. Humorous
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions, each in 120 to 200 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (40%)
26. Chinese English learners make various errors in speaking or writing in English. How should their errors be treated by their teachers? (20%)
27. What have you learned from the course of linguistics? (20%)
(Clue: You can say whatever, linguistic or non-linguistic, you have learned from the course. But make sure your answer is clear and logical. You may answer the question in Chinese, but this may result in a loss of marks.)
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