华师《综合英语（6）》在线作业
试卷总分：100 奥鹏学习网（aopeng123.cn) 发布
阅读理解
一、阅读理解（共 10 道试题，共 100 分。）
V
1. It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you dont, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits. The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted. But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that cant be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we cant think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.
1). According to the author, really good science _______.
A. would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment
B. will produce results which cannot be foreseen
C. will help people to make the right choice in advance
D. will bring about disturbing results
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2). It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century _______.
A. thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of science
B. were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific research
C. knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about nature
D. did more harm than good in promoting mans understanding of nature
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3). Which of the following statements is NOT true of scientists in earlier times?
A. They invented false theories to explain things they didnt understand.
B. They falsely claimed to know all about nature.
C. They did not believe in results from scientific observation.
D. They paid little attention to the problems they didnt understand.
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4). What is the authors attitude towards science?
A. He is depressed because of the ignorance of scientists.
B. He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
C. He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
D. He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings.
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5). The author believes that ______.
A. man can find solutions to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up
B. man cannot solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellect
C. sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer them
D.
questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific research
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2. Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes. Emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people. "The burnt child fears the fire" is one instance; another is the rise of despots like Hitler. Both these examples also point up the fact that attitudes stem from experience. In the one case the experience was direct and impressive; in the other it was indirect and cumulative. The Nazis were indoctrinated largely by the speeches they heard and the books they read. The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a strategic position to influence attitudes. This is true partly because children acquire attitudes from those adults whose word they respect. Another reason, it is true, is that pupils often delve somewhat deeply into a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly ever occurred to them before. To a child who had previously acquired little knowledge of Mexico, his teachers method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans. The media through which the teacher can develop wholesome attitudes are innumerable. Social studies, science matters of health and safety, the very atmosphere of the classroom ... these are a few of the fertile fields for the inculcation (反复灌输) of proper emotional reactions. However, when children come to school with undesirable attitudes, it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feelings by scolding them. She achieve the proper effect by helping them obtain constructive experiences. Finally, a teacher must constantly evaluate her own attitudes, because her influence can be deleterious (有害的) if she has personal prejudices. This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions on which children should be encouraged to reach their own decisions as a result of objective analysis of all the facts.
1). The central idea conveyed in the passage is that _____.
A. attitudes affect our actions
B. teachers play a significant role in developing or changing pupils attitudes
C. attitudes can be changed by some classroom experiences
D. the elementary school is a more effective milieu (环境) for developing wholesome attitudes than high school or college.
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2). The author implies that ____.
A. the teacher should guide all discussions by revealing her own attitude
B. childrens attitudes often come from those of other children
C. in some aspects of social studies a greater variety of methods can be used in the upper grades than in the lower grades
D. schools should offer the student opportunities for travel so that he can come into contact with people he would not otherwise meet
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3). A statement NOT made or implied in the passage is that _____.
A. attitudes can be based on the learning of falsehoods
B. attitudes can not easily be changed by rewards and lectures
C. worthwhile attitudes may be developed in practically every subject area
D. the attitudes of elementary schoolaged children are influenced primarily by the way they are treated as infants
此题选: D 满分：2 分
4). The first and fourth paragraphs have all the following points in common EXCEPT _____.
A. the importance of experience in building attitudes
B. how attitudes can be changed in the classroom
C. how reading affects attitudes
D. reference to straight thinking and attitudes
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5). In the second paragraph, a substitute quotation to serve the writers purpose would be _____.
A. "Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime"
B. "The vagabond, when rich, is called a tourist"
C. "He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune"
D. "Nothing on earth consumes a man more quickly than the passion of resentment"
此题选: D 满分：2 分
3. The work conservation has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such a good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster then the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless" and "inexhaustible". Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, and unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others. Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word "conservation" had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today. For the sake of ourselves and those who wil come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyones daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of mans fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.
1). The authors attitude towards the current situation in the exploitation of natural resources is _____.
A. positive
B. suspicious
C. neutral
D. critical
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). According to the author, the greatest mistake of our forefathers was that _____.
A. they had no idea about scientific forestry
B. they had little or no sense of environmental protection
C. they were not aware of the significance of nature study
D. they had no idea of how to make good use of raw materials
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3). It can be inferred from the third paragraph that earlier generations didnt realize _____.
A. the interdependence of water, soil, and living things
B. the importance of the proper use of land
C. the harmfulness of soil destruction and river floods.
D. the value of the beauty of nature
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4). To avoid the mistakes of our forefathers, the author suggests that _____.
A. we plant more trees
B. natural sciences be taught to everyone
C. environmental education be directed toward everyone
D. we return to nature
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5). What does the author imply by saying "living space …is figured…also in cubic volume above the earth" (Para. 3. Lines 6--7)?
A. Our living space on the earth is getting smaller and smaller.
B. Our living space should be measured in cubic volume.
C. We need to take some measures to protect space.
D.
We must preserve good living condition for both birds and animals.
此题选: D 满分：2 分
4. We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally, takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shifty workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.
1). Why is the question of "how easily people can get used to working at night" not a mere academic question?
A. Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.
B. Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.
C. Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.
D. Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in _____.
A. the inconveniences brought about to the workers by the introduction of automation
B. the disturbance of the daily life cycle of workers who have to change shift too frequently
C. the fact that people working at night are often less effective
D. the fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night workers
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3). The best solution for implementing the 24-hour working system seems to be _____.
A. to change shifts at longer intervals
B. to have longer shift
C. to arrange for some people to work on night shifts only
D. to create better living conditions for night workers
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4). It is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring his body temperature because _____.
A. body temperature changes when the cycle of sleep and wakefulness alternates
B. body temperature changes when he changes to night shift or back
C. the temperature reverses when the routine is changed
D. people have higher temperatures when they are working efficiently
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5). Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. Body temperature may serve as an indication of a workers performance.
B. The selection of a number of permanent night shift workers has probed to be the best solution to problems of the round-the-clock working system.
C. Taking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to the changes of routine.
D.
Disturbed sleep occurs less frequently among those on permanent night or day shifts.
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5.
Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.
The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types.
Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion (拥挤). One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system.
When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable (可伸缩的) arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the cars movements.
The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer (蜂鸣器) that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway.
1). One significant improvement in the future car will probably be________.
A. its power source
B.
its driving system
C.
its monitoring system
D.
its seating capacity
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2). What is the authors main concern?
A. How to render automobiles pollution-free.
B. How to make smaller and safer automobiles.
C. How to solve the problem of traffic jams.
D.
How to develop an automated subway system.
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3). What provides autos with electric power in an automated highway system?
A. A rail.
B.
An engine.
C. A retractable arm.
D. A computer controller.
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4). In an automated highway system, all the driver needs to do is _______.
A. keep in the right lane
B. wait to arrive at his destination
C. keep in constant touch with the computer center
D.
inform the system of his destination by phone
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5). What is the authors attitude toward the future of autos?
A. Enthusiastic.
B. Pessimistic.
C.
Optimistic.
D.
Cautious.
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6.
Foxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals. They are officially classified as harmful and farmers try to keep their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them.
Farmers can also call on the services of their local hunt to control the fox population. Hunting consists of pursuing a fox across the countryside, with a group of specially trained dogs, followed by men and women riding horses. When the dogs eventually catch the fox they kill it or a hunter shoots it.
People who take part in hunting think of it as a sport; they wear a special uniform of red coats and white trousers, and follow strict codes of behavior. But owning a horse and hunting regularly is expensive, so most hunters are wealthy.
It is estimated that up to 100,000 people watch or take part in fox hunting. But over the last couple of decades the number of people opposed to fox hunting, because they think it is brutal, has risen sharply. Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without some kind of confrontation (冲突) between hunters and hunt saboteurs (阻拦者). Sometimes these incidents lead to violence, but mostly saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the foxs smell, which the dogs follow.
Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself. But this year supporters of fox hunting face a much bigger threat to their sport. A Labour Party Member of the Parliament, Mike Foster, is trying to get Parliament to approve a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals with dogs illegal. If the law is passed, wild animals like foxes will be protected under the ban in Britain.
1). Rich people in Britain have been hunting foxes
A.
for recreation
B.
in the interests of the farmers
C.
to limit the fox population
D.
to show of ftheir wealth
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2). What is special about fox hunting in Britain?
A. It involves the use of a deadly poison.
B. It is a costly event which rarely occurs.
C. The hunters have set rules to follow.
D.
The hunters have to go through strict training.
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3). Fox hunting opponents often interfere in the game________.
A. by resorting to violence
B.
by confusing the fox hunters
C.
by taking legal action
D. by demonstrating on the scene
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4). A new law may be passed by the British Parliament to________.
A. prohibit farmers from hunting foxes
B. forbid hunting foxes with dogs
C. stop hunting wild animals in the countryside
D. prevent large-scale fox hunting
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5). It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. killing foxes with poison is illegal
B. limiting the fox population is unnecessary
C. hunting foxes with dogs is considered cruel and violent
D.
fox-hunting often leads to confrontation between the poor and the rich
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7.
The average population density of the world is 47 persons per square mile. Continental densities range from no permanent inhabitants in Antarctica to 211 per square mile in Europe. In the Western Hemisphere, population densities range from about 4 per square mile in Canada to 675 per square mile in Puerto Rico. In Europe the range is from 4 per square mile in Iceland to 831 per square mile in the Netherlands. Within countries there are wide variations of population densities. For example, in Egypt, the average is 55 persons per square mile, but 1,300 persons inhabit each square mile in settled portions where the land is arable.
High population densities generally occur in regions of developed industrialization, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Great Britain, or where lands are intensively used for agriculture, as in Puerto Rico and Java.
Low average population densities are characteristic of most underdeveloped countries. Low density of population is generally associated with a relatively low percentage of cultivated land. This generally results from poor quality lands. It may also be due to natural obstacles to cultivation, such as deserts, mountains or malaria-infested jungles; to land uses other than cultivation, as pasture and forested land; to primitive methods that limit cultivation; to social obstacles; and to land ownership systems which keep land out of production.
More economically advanced countries of low population density have, as a rule, large proportions of their populations living in urban areas. Their rural population densities are usually very low. Poorer developed countries of correspondingly low general population density, on the other hand, often have a concentration of rural population living on arable land, which is as great as the rural concentration found in the most densely populated industrial countries.
1). Along the banks of the Nile, we may expect to find _____.
A. 1,300 persons
B. few inhabitants
C. pyramids
D.
many settlements
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). In timberland areas of the world, ________.
A. there is dense population
B. the density of population is relatively low
C. good quality land is found
D. deserts are common
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3). The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _________.
A. Where People Live
B.
Population Distribution
C. Economics and Population
D.
Population Densities
此题选: D 满分：2 分
4). In highly industrialized communities, we may expect ___________.
A. large rural areas
B. urban development
C. arable land
D.
no change in population density
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5). This passage has probably been taken from _________
A.
a dictionary of geographical names
B.
a textbook on economics
C.
a world geography book
D.
the 1960 census report
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8.
Some people say that the study of liberal arts is a useless luxury we cannot afford in hard times. Students, they argue, who do not develop salable skills will find it difficult to land a job upon graduation. But there is a problem in speaking of “salable skills”. What skills are salable? Right now, skills for automobiles are not highly salable, but they have been for decades and might be again. Skills in teaching are not now as salable as they were during the past 20 years, and the population charts indicate they may not be soon again. Home construction skills are another example of varying salability, as the job market fluctuates . What’s more, if one wants to build a curriculum exclusively on what is salable, one will have to make the courses very short and change them very often, in order to keep up with the rapid changes in the job market. But will not the effort be in vain? In very few things can we be sure of future salability, and in a society where people are free to study what they want, and work where they want, and invest as they want, there is no way to keep supply and demand in labor in perfect accord.
A school that devotes itself totally to salable skills, especially in a time of high unemployment, sending the young men and women into the world armed with only a narrow range of skills, is also sending lambs into the lion’s den. If those people gain nothing more from their studies than supposedlysalable skills, and can’t make the sale because of changes in the job market, they have been cheated. But if those skills were more than salable, if study gave them a better understanding of the world around them and greater adaptability in a changing world, they have not been cheated. They will find some kind of job soon enough. Flexibly, an ability to change and learn new things, is a valuable skill. People who have learned how to learn can learn outside school. That is where most of us have learned to do what we do, not in school. Learning to learn is one of the higher liberal skills.
1). From this passage, we can learn that the author is in favor of ____.
A.
teaching practical skills that can be sold in the current job market
B.
A flexible curriculum that changes with the times
C.
A liberal education
D.
Keeping a balance between the supply and demand in the labor market.
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2). The word “fluctuate” in the first paragraph most probably means ____.
A.
remain steady
B.
change in an irregular way
C.
follow a set pattern
D.
become worse and worse
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3). 3. According to the author, who of the following is more likely to get a job in times of high unemployment?
A.
A person with the ability to learn by himself.
B.
A construction worker.
C.
A car repairman.
D.
A person with quite a few salable skills.
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4). According to the author, in developing a curriculum schools should ____.
A.
predict the salability of skills in the future job market
B.
take the current job market into consideration
C.
consider what skills are salable
D.
focus on the ability to adapt to changes
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5). We can learn from this passage that ____.
A.
liberal arts education is being challenged now
B.
schools that teach practical skills fare better during hard times
C.
extracurricular activities are more important than classroom learning
D.
many students feel cheated by the educational system.
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9. Three English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a "new" feature. The BBC English Dictionary contains background information on 1,000 people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary: Encyclopedia Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedia entries; the Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LDOCE plus cultural information. The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly "cultural" as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural element is not identical, making direct comparisons between the three difficult. While there is some common ground between the encyclopedia/cultural entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford lays claim to being encyclopedia on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over a period of four years, their 1,000 brief encyclopedia entries are based on people and places that have featured in the news recently. The intended user they have in mind is a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English and a developed skill in listening comprehension. In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least have distinct socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally supposed and even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners from this kind of background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views about the scope and appropriateness of the various socio-cultural entries.
1). What feature sets apart the three dictionaries discussed in the passage from traditional ones?
A. The combination of two dictionaries into one.
B. The new approach to defining words.
C. The inclusion of cultural words.
D. The increase in the number of entries.
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2). The Longman dictionary is more likely to be criticized for cultural prejudice because _____.
A. its scope of cultural entries goes beyond the culture of the English-speaking world
B. it pays little attention to the cultural content of the non-English-speaking countries
C. it views the world purely from the standpoint of the English-speaking people
D. if fails to distinguish language from culture in its encyclopedic entries
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3). The BBC dictionary differs from Oxford and Longman in that _____.
A. it has a wider selection of encyclopedic entries
B. it is mainly designed to meet the needs of radio listeners
C. it lays more emphasis on language than on culture
D. it is intended to help listeners develop their listening comprehension skills
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4). It is implied in the last paragraph that, in approaching socio-cultural content in a dictionary, special thought should be given to _____.
A. the language levels of its users
B. the number of its prospective purchasers
C. the different tastes of its users
D. the various cultural backgrounds of its users
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5). What is the passage mainly about?
A. Different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new English dictionaries.
B. A comparison of peoples opinions on the cultural content in the three new English dictionaries.
C. The advantages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman.
D.
The user-friendliness of the three new English dictionaries.
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10.
Sex and connections: these are not the criteria on which science should be judged, least of all by scientists. But in the first extensive analysis of the way that fellowships in science are awarded, which is published this week in Nature , Christine Wenneras and Agnes Wold, microbiologists at Gothenburg University, in Sweden, found that these factors matter as much as, if not more than, scientific merit.
Peer review, the evaluation (often anonymous) of a piece of scientific work by other scientists in the same field, is central to the way in which science proceeds. Journals use it to help decide whether to publish papers and funding agencies use it when deciding to whom to award grants.
Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold analyzed the reviews of the 114 applications that the Swedish Medical Research Council received for the 20 postdoctoral fellowships it offered in 1995. Of the applicants, 46% were women. Of the successful recipients of the awards, only 20% were women. In principle, of course, that might reflect their abilities. In practice, other factors seem to be at work.
When the council gets a grant application, it is evaluated by five reviewers, on three measures: scientific competence, the proposed methodology and the relevance of the research. Each measure is given a score of between zero and four; each reviewer’s scores are multiplied together, giving a single score between zero and 64; and finally, the scores from the reviewers are averaged together, giving the total score.
Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold identified, after careful analysis, two factors that improved the scores significantly: being male and knowing a reviewer. In fact, the difference was so great that in order to get the same competence score as a man, a woman need either to know someone in the committee or to have published three more papers than the man in Nature or Science . It is often joked that a woman has to be twice as good as a man to do well; Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold found that she need to be, on average, 2.5 times as good on their measures to be rated as highly by reviewers. Such being the case, ambitious women would perhaps do well to return to a time-honored but supposedly obsolete tradition, and apply under a male name.
1). What is this passage mainly about?
A.
Abuses in peer review.
B.
Favoritism in granting fellowships.
C.
A comparison of male and female scientists.
D.
Sex discrimination in the science world.
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). What is the other most important factor beside sex that may affect peer review scores?
A.
Connection.
B.
Publication of papers in major science journals.
C.
Competence of the researcher.
D.
Methods used by the researcher.
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3). What does the word “relevance” in the fourth paragraph probably mean?
A.
Feasibility.
B.
Connections.
C.
Practical value or importance.
D.
Probability of success.
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4). What does the author suggest by using “supposedly” in the last sentence?
A.
It is no longer fashionable for women to write under male names.
B.
Bias against women still exists today.
C.
Women today are on an equal footing with men.
D.
Nowadays women do as well in science as men.
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5). This piece of writing is most likely ____.
A.
a news report
B.
a research paper
C.
a lecture
D.
an argument
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试卷总分：100 奥鹏学习网（aopeng123.cn) 发布
阅读理解
一、阅读理解（共 10 道试题，共 100 分。）
V
1. It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you dont, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits. The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted. But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that cant be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we cant think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.
1). According to the author, really good science _______.
A. would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment
B. will produce results which cannot be foreseen
C. will help people to make the right choice in advance
D. will bring about disturbing results
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2). It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century _______.
A. thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of science
B. were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific research
C. knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about nature
D. did more harm than good in promoting mans understanding of nature
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3). Which of the following statements is NOT true of scientists in earlier times?
A. They invented false theories to explain things they didnt understand.
B. They falsely claimed to know all about nature.
C. They did not believe in results from scientific observation.
D. They paid little attention to the problems they didnt understand.
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4). What is the authors attitude towards science?
A. He is depressed because of the ignorance of scientists.
B. He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
C. He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
D. He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings.
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5). The author believes that ______.
A. man can find solutions to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up
B. man cannot solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellect
C. sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer them
D.
questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific research
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2. Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes. Emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people. "The burnt child fears the fire" is one instance; another is the rise of despots like Hitler. Both these examples also point up the fact that attitudes stem from experience. In the one case the experience was direct and impressive; in the other it was indirect and cumulative. The Nazis were indoctrinated largely by the speeches they heard and the books they read. The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a strategic position to influence attitudes. This is true partly because children acquire attitudes from those adults whose word they respect. Another reason, it is true, is that pupils often delve somewhat deeply into a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly ever occurred to them before. To a child who had previously acquired little knowledge of Mexico, his teachers method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans. The media through which the teacher can develop wholesome attitudes are innumerable. Social studies, science matters of health and safety, the very atmosphere of the classroom ... these are a few of the fertile fields for the inculcation (反复灌输) of proper emotional reactions. However, when children come to school with undesirable attitudes, it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feelings by scolding them. She achieve the proper effect by helping them obtain constructive experiences. Finally, a teacher must constantly evaluate her own attitudes, because her influence can be deleterious (有害的) if she has personal prejudices. This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions on which children should be encouraged to reach their own decisions as a result of objective analysis of all the facts.
1). The central idea conveyed in the passage is that _____.
A. attitudes affect our actions
B. teachers play a significant role in developing or changing pupils attitudes
C. attitudes can be changed by some classroom experiences
D. the elementary school is a more effective milieu (环境) for developing wholesome attitudes than high school or college.
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2). The author implies that ____.
A. the teacher should guide all discussions by revealing her own attitude
B. childrens attitudes often come from those of other children
C. in some aspects of social studies a greater variety of methods can be used in the upper grades than in the lower grades
D. schools should offer the student opportunities for travel so that he can come into contact with people he would not otherwise meet
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3). A statement NOT made or implied in the passage is that _____.
A. attitudes can be based on the learning of falsehoods
B. attitudes can not easily be changed by rewards and lectures
C. worthwhile attitudes may be developed in practically every subject area
D. the attitudes of elementary schoolaged children are influenced primarily by the way they are treated as infants
此题选: D 满分：2 分
4). The first and fourth paragraphs have all the following points in common EXCEPT _____.
A. the importance of experience in building attitudes
B. how attitudes can be changed in the classroom
C. how reading affects attitudes
D. reference to straight thinking and attitudes
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5). In the second paragraph, a substitute quotation to serve the writers purpose would be _____.
A. "Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime"
B. "The vagabond, when rich, is called a tourist"
C. "He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune"
D. "Nothing on earth consumes a man more quickly than the passion of resentment"
此题选: D 满分：2 分
3. The work conservation has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such a good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster then the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless" and "inexhaustible". Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, and unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others. Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word "conservation" had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today. For the sake of ourselves and those who wil come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyones daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of mans fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.
1). The authors attitude towards the current situation in the exploitation of natural resources is _____.
A. positive
B. suspicious
C. neutral
D. critical
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). According to the author, the greatest mistake of our forefathers was that _____.
A. they had no idea about scientific forestry
B. they had little or no sense of environmental protection
C. they were not aware of the significance of nature study
D. they had no idea of how to make good use of raw materials
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3). It can be inferred from the third paragraph that earlier generations didnt realize _____.
A. the interdependence of water, soil, and living things
B. the importance of the proper use of land
C. the harmfulness of soil destruction and river floods.
D. the value of the beauty of nature
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4). To avoid the mistakes of our forefathers, the author suggests that _____.
A. we plant more trees
B. natural sciences be taught to everyone
C. environmental education be directed toward everyone
D. we return to nature
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5). What does the author imply by saying "living space …is figured…also in cubic volume above the earth" (Para. 3. Lines 6--7)?
A. Our living space on the earth is getting smaller and smaller.
B. Our living space should be measured in cubic volume.
C. We need to take some measures to protect space.
D.
We must preserve good living condition for both birds and animals.
此题选: D 满分：2 分
4. We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally, takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shifty workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.
1). Why is the question of "how easily people can get used to working at night" not a mere academic question?
A. Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.
B. Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.
C. Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.
D. Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in _____.
A. the inconveniences brought about to the workers by the introduction of automation
B. the disturbance of the daily life cycle of workers who have to change shift too frequently
C. the fact that people working at night are often less effective
D. the fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night workers
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3). The best solution for implementing the 24-hour working system seems to be _____.
A. to change shifts at longer intervals
B. to have longer shift
C. to arrange for some people to work on night shifts only
D. to create better living conditions for night workers
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4). It is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring his body temperature because _____.
A. body temperature changes when the cycle of sleep and wakefulness alternates
B. body temperature changes when he changes to night shift or back
C. the temperature reverses when the routine is changed
D. people have higher temperatures when they are working efficiently
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5). Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. Body temperature may serve as an indication of a workers performance.
B. The selection of a number of permanent night shift workers has probed to be the best solution to problems of the round-the-clock working system.
C. Taking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to the changes of routine.
D.
Disturbed sleep occurs less frequently among those on permanent night or day shifts.
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5.
Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.
The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types.
Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion (拥挤). One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system.
When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable (可伸缩的) arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the cars movements.
The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer (蜂鸣器) that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway.
1). One significant improvement in the future car will probably be________.
A. its power source
B.
its driving system
C.
its monitoring system
D.
its seating capacity
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2). What is the authors main concern?
A. How to render automobiles pollution-free.
B. How to make smaller and safer automobiles.
C. How to solve the problem of traffic jams.
D.
How to develop an automated subway system.
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3). What provides autos with electric power in an automated highway system?
A. A rail.
B.
An engine.
C. A retractable arm.
D. A computer controller.
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4). In an automated highway system, all the driver needs to do is _______.
A. keep in the right lane
B. wait to arrive at his destination
C. keep in constant touch with the computer center
D.
inform the system of his destination by phone
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5). What is the authors attitude toward the future of autos?
A. Enthusiastic.
B. Pessimistic.
C.
Optimistic.
D.
Cautious.
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6.
Foxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals. They are officially classified as harmful and farmers try to keep their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them.
Farmers can also call on the services of their local hunt to control the fox population. Hunting consists of pursuing a fox across the countryside, with a group of specially trained dogs, followed by men and women riding horses. When the dogs eventually catch the fox they kill it or a hunter shoots it.
People who take part in hunting think of it as a sport; they wear a special uniform of red coats and white trousers, and follow strict codes of behavior. But owning a horse and hunting regularly is expensive, so most hunters are wealthy.
It is estimated that up to 100,000 people watch or take part in fox hunting. But over the last couple of decades the number of people opposed to fox hunting, because they think it is brutal, has risen sharply. Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without some kind of confrontation (冲突) between hunters and hunt saboteurs (阻拦者). Sometimes these incidents lead to violence, but mostly saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the foxs smell, which the dogs follow.
Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself. But this year supporters of fox hunting face a much bigger threat to their sport. A Labour Party Member of the Parliament, Mike Foster, is trying to get Parliament to approve a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals with dogs illegal. If the law is passed, wild animals like foxes will be protected under the ban in Britain.
1). Rich people in Britain have been hunting foxes
A.
for recreation
B.
in the interests of the farmers
C.
to limit the fox population
D.
to show of ftheir wealth
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2). What is special about fox hunting in Britain?
A. It involves the use of a deadly poison.
B. It is a costly event which rarely occurs.
C. The hunters have set rules to follow.
D.
The hunters have to go through strict training.
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3). Fox hunting opponents often interfere in the game________.
A. by resorting to violence
B.
by confusing the fox hunters
C.
by taking legal action
D. by demonstrating on the scene
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4). A new law may be passed by the British Parliament to________.
A. prohibit farmers from hunting foxes
B. forbid hunting foxes with dogs
C. stop hunting wild animals in the countryside
D. prevent large-scale fox hunting
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5). It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. killing foxes with poison is illegal
B. limiting the fox population is unnecessary
C. hunting foxes with dogs is considered cruel and violent
D.
fox-hunting often leads to confrontation between the poor and the rich
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7.
The average population density of the world is 47 persons per square mile. Continental densities range from no permanent inhabitants in Antarctica to 211 per square mile in Europe. In the Western Hemisphere, population densities range from about 4 per square mile in Canada to 675 per square mile in Puerto Rico. In Europe the range is from 4 per square mile in Iceland to 831 per square mile in the Netherlands. Within countries there are wide variations of population densities. For example, in Egypt, the average is 55 persons per square mile, but 1,300 persons inhabit each square mile in settled portions where the land is arable.
High population densities generally occur in regions of developed industrialization, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Great Britain, or where lands are intensively used for agriculture, as in Puerto Rico and Java.
Low average population densities are characteristic of most underdeveloped countries. Low density of population is generally associated with a relatively low percentage of cultivated land. This generally results from poor quality lands. It may also be due to natural obstacles to cultivation, such as deserts, mountains or malaria-infested jungles; to land uses other than cultivation, as pasture and forested land; to primitive methods that limit cultivation; to social obstacles; and to land ownership systems which keep land out of production.
More economically advanced countries of low population density have, as a rule, large proportions of their populations living in urban areas. Their rural population densities are usually very low. Poorer developed countries of correspondingly low general population density, on the other hand, often have a concentration of rural population living on arable land, which is as great as the rural concentration found in the most densely populated industrial countries.
1). Along the banks of the Nile, we may expect to find _____.
A. 1,300 persons
B. few inhabitants
C. pyramids
D.
many settlements
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). In timberland areas of the world, ________.
A. there is dense population
B. the density of population is relatively low
C. good quality land is found
D. deserts are common
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3). The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _________.
A. Where People Live
B.
Population Distribution
C. Economics and Population
D.
Population Densities
此题选: D 满分：2 分
4). In highly industrialized communities, we may expect ___________.
A. large rural areas
B. urban development
C. arable land
D.
no change in population density
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5). This passage has probably been taken from _________
A.
a dictionary of geographical names
B.
a textbook on economics
C.
a world geography book
D.
the 1960 census report
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8.
Some people say that the study of liberal arts is a useless luxury we cannot afford in hard times. Students, they argue, who do not develop salable skills will find it difficult to land a job upon graduation. But there is a problem in speaking of “salable skills”. What skills are salable? Right now, skills for automobiles are not highly salable, but they have been for decades and might be again. Skills in teaching are not now as salable as they were during the past 20 years, and the population charts indicate they may not be soon again. Home construction skills are another example of varying salability, as the job market fluctuates . What’s more, if one wants to build a curriculum exclusively on what is salable, one will have to make the courses very short and change them very often, in order to keep up with the rapid changes in the job market. But will not the effort be in vain? In very few things can we be sure of future salability, and in a society where people are free to study what they want, and work where they want, and invest as they want, there is no way to keep supply and demand in labor in perfect accord.
A school that devotes itself totally to salable skills, especially in a time of high unemployment, sending the young men and women into the world armed with only a narrow range of skills, is also sending lambs into the lion’s den. If those people gain nothing more from their studies than supposedlysalable skills, and can’t make the sale because of changes in the job market, they have been cheated. But if those skills were more than salable, if study gave them a better understanding of the world around them and greater adaptability in a changing world, they have not been cheated. They will find some kind of job soon enough. Flexibly, an ability to change and learn new things, is a valuable skill. People who have learned how to learn can learn outside school. That is where most of us have learned to do what we do, not in school. Learning to learn is one of the higher liberal skills.
1). From this passage, we can learn that the author is in favor of ____.
A.
teaching practical skills that can be sold in the current job market
B.
A flexible curriculum that changes with the times
C.
A liberal education
D.
Keeping a balance between the supply and demand in the labor market.
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2). The word “fluctuate” in the first paragraph most probably means ____.
A.
remain steady
B.
change in an irregular way
C.
follow a set pattern
D.
become worse and worse
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3). 3. According to the author, who of the following is more likely to get a job in times of high unemployment?
A.
A person with the ability to learn by himself.
B.
A construction worker.
C.
A car repairman.
D.
A person with quite a few salable skills.
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4). According to the author, in developing a curriculum schools should ____.
A.
predict the salability of skills in the future job market
B.
take the current job market into consideration
C.
consider what skills are salable
D.
focus on the ability to adapt to changes
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5). We can learn from this passage that ____.
A.
liberal arts education is being challenged now
B.
schools that teach practical skills fare better during hard times
C.
extracurricular activities are more important than classroom learning
D.
many students feel cheated by the educational system.
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9. Three English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a "new" feature. The BBC English Dictionary contains background information on 1,000 people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary: Encyclopedia Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedia entries; the Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LDOCE plus cultural information. The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly "cultural" as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural element is not identical, making direct comparisons between the three difficult. While there is some common ground between the encyclopedia/cultural entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford lays claim to being encyclopedia on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over a period of four years, their 1,000 brief encyclopedia entries are based on people and places that have featured in the news recently. The intended user they have in mind is a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English and a developed skill in listening comprehension. In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least have distinct socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally supposed and even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners from this kind of background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views about the scope and appropriateness of the various socio-cultural entries.
1). What feature sets apart the three dictionaries discussed in the passage from traditional ones?
A. The combination of two dictionaries into one.
B. The new approach to defining words.
C. The inclusion of cultural words.
D. The increase in the number of entries.
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2). The Longman dictionary is more likely to be criticized for cultural prejudice because _____.
A. its scope of cultural entries goes beyond the culture of the English-speaking world
B. it pays little attention to the cultural content of the non-English-speaking countries
C. it views the world purely from the standpoint of the English-speaking people
D. if fails to distinguish language from culture in its encyclopedic entries
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3). The BBC dictionary differs from Oxford and Longman in that _____.
A. it has a wider selection of encyclopedic entries
B. it is mainly designed to meet the needs of radio listeners
C. it lays more emphasis on language than on culture
D. it is intended to help listeners develop their listening comprehension skills
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4). It is implied in the last paragraph that, in approaching socio-cultural content in a dictionary, special thought should be given to _____.
A. the language levels of its users
B. the number of its prospective purchasers
C. the different tastes of its users
D. the various cultural backgrounds of its users
此题选: D 满分：2 分
5). What is the passage mainly about?
A. Different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new English dictionaries.
B. A comparison of peoples opinions on the cultural content in the three new English dictionaries.
C. The advantages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman.
D.
The user-friendliness of the three new English dictionaries.
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10.
Sex and connections: these are not the criteria on which science should be judged, least of all by scientists. But in the first extensive analysis of the way that fellowships in science are awarded, which is published this week in Nature , Christine Wenneras and Agnes Wold, microbiologists at Gothenburg University, in Sweden, found that these factors matter as much as, if not more than, scientific merit.
Peer review, the evaluation (often anonymous) of a piece of scientific work by other scientists in the same field, is central to the way in which science proceeds. Journals use it to help decide whether to publish papers and funding agencies use it when deciding to whom to award grants.
Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold analyzed the reviews of the 114 applications that the Swedish Medical Research Council received for the 20 postdoctoral fellowships it offered in 1995. Of the applicants, 46% were women. Of the successful recipients of the awards, only 20% were women. In principle, of course, that might reflect their abilities. In practice, other factors seem to be at work.
When the council gets a grant application, it is evaluated by five reviewers, on three measures: scientific competence, the proposed methodology and the relevance of the research. Each measure is given a score of between zero and four; each reviewer’s scores are multiplied together, giving a single score between zero and 64; and finally, the scores from the reviewers are averaged together, giving the total score.
Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold identified, after careful analysis, two factors that improved the scores significantly: being male and knowing a reviewer. In fact, the difference was so great that in order to get the same competence score as a man, a woman need either to know someone in the committee or to have published three more papers than the man in Nature or Science . It is often joked that a woman has to be twice as good as a man to do well; Dr. Wenneras and Dr. Wold found that she need to be, on average, 2.5 times as good on their measures to be rated as highly by reviewers. Such being the case, ambitious women would perhaps do well to return to a time-honored but supposedly obsolete tradition, and apply under a male name.
1). What is this passage mainly about?
A.
Abuses in peer review.
B.
Favoritism in granting fellowships.
C.
A comparison of male and female scientists.
D.
Sex discrimination in the science world.
此题选: D 满分：2 分
2). What is the other most important factor beside sex that may affect peer review scores?
A.
Connection.
B.
Publication of papers in major science journals.
C.
Competence of the researcher.
D.
Methods used by the researcher.
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3). What does the word “relevance” in the fourth paragraph probably mean?
A.
Feasibility.
B.
Connections.
C.
Practical value or importance.
D.
Probability of success.
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4). What does the author suggest by using “supposedly” in the last sentence?
A.
It is no longer fashionable for women to write under male names.
B.
Bias against women still exists today.
C.
Women today are on an equal footing with men.
D.
Nowadays women do as well in science as men.
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5). This piece of writing is most likely ____.
A.
a news report
B.
a research paper
C.
a lecture
D.
an argument
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